Rao SM , Leo GJ , Bernardin L , Unverzagt F. Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I: Frequency, patterns and prediction. Neurology1991; 41: 685-691. Google Scholar | Medline |
Ron MA , Callanan MM , Warrington EK. Cognitive abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: a psychometric and MRI study. Psychol Med1991; 21: 59-68. Google Scholar | Medline |
Folstein MF , Folstein SE , McHugh PR. ‘Mini-mental state’. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Psychiatr Res1975; 12: 189-198. Google Scholar |
Beatty WW , Goodkin DE. Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: an evaluation of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Arch Neurol1990; 47: 297-301. Google Scholar | Medline |
Brown J. Some tests of the decay of immediate memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology1958; 10: 12-21. Google Scholar |
Peterson LR , Peterson MJ. Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology1959; 58: 193-198. Google Scholar | Medline |
Stuss DT , Stethem LL , Poirier CA. Comparison of three test of attention and rapid information processing across six age groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist1987; 1: 139-152. Google Scholar |
Morris RG. Short-term forgetting in senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Cognitive Neuropsychology1986; 3: 77-97. Google Scholar |
Dannenbaum SE , Parkinson SR , Inman VW. Short-term forgetting: comparisons between patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type, depressed and normal elderly. Cognitive Neuropsychology1988; 5: 213-234. Google Scholar |
Cermak LS , Butters N. The role of interference and encoding in the short-term memory of Korsakoff patients. Neuropsyhologia1972; 10: 89-95. Google Scholar | Medline |
Parkin AJ , Leng NR , Stanhope N , Smith AP. Memory impairment following ruptured aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. Brain and Cognition1988; 7: 231-243. Google Scholar | Medline |
Stuss DT , Stethem LL , Hugenholtz H , Richard MT. Traumatic brain injury: a comparison of three clinical tests, and analysis of recovery. The Clinical Neuropsychologist1989; 3: 145-156. Google Scholar |
Gronwall DMA. Paced auditory serial-addition task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Percept Mot Skills1977; 44: 367-373. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |
Sherman ES , Strauss E , Spellacy F. Validity of paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT) in adults referred for neuropsychological assessment after head injury. Clin Neuropsychol1997; 11: 34-45. Google Scholar |
McDonald WI , Compston A , Edan G , Goodkin D , Hartung HP , Lublin FB, et al.Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the international panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol2001; 50: 121-127. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI |
Elif Anil A , Kivircik BB , Batur S , Kabakci E , Kitis A , Guven E, et al.The Turkish version of the Auditory Consonant Trigram Test as a measure of working memory: a normative study. Clin Neuropsychol2003; 17: 159-169. Google Scholar | Medline |
Stuss DT , Kaplan EF , Benson DF , Weir WS , Chiulli S , Sarazin FF. Evidence for the involvement of orbitofrontal cortex in memory functions: an interference effect. J Comp Physiol Psychol1982; 96: 913-925. Google Scholar | Medline |
Parkin AJ. Amnesic syndrome: A lesion specific disorder?Cortex1984; 20: 478-508. Google Scholar |
Kopelman MD , Stanhope N. Rates of forgetting in organic amnesia following temporal lobe, diencephalic, or frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychology1997; 11: 343-356. Google Scholar | Medline |
Benito-Leon J , Morales JM , Rivera-Navarro J. Health-related quality of life and its relationship to cognitive and emotional functioning in multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Neurol2002; 9: 497-502. Google Scholar | Medline |
Ozakbas S , Cagiran I , Ormeci B , Idiman E. Correlations between multiple sclerosis functional composite, expanded disability status scale and health-related quality of life during and after treatment of relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci2004; 218: 3-7. Google Scholar | Medline |
Beatty WW , Goodkin DE , Hertsgaad D , Monson N. Clinical and demographic predictors of cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: Do diagnostic type, disease duration and disability matter?Arch Neurol1990; 47: 305-308. Google Scholar | Medline |
Trapp BD , Peterson J , Ransohoff RM , Rudick R , Mork S , Bo L. Aksonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med1998; 338: 278-285. Google Scholar | Medline |
Rudick RA , Fisher E , Lee J-C , Simon J , Jacobs L. Use of the brain paranchymal fraction to measure whole brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology1999; 53: 1698-1704. Google Scholar | Medline |